The sources we employed to support our research will be gathered and listed as a form of acknowledgment and appreciation for the contribution to individuals whose works have been referred to. The compilation of sources is known as citation. Another primary function citation serves is to tackle plagiarism by acknowledging when ideas, information, or even data are coming from other research studies.
In citing the sources we included in our research, we need to ensure that we cite them fully and properly. There are several citation styles that can help us incorporate and organize the necessary information. Different academic disciplines will require different types of citation style. Also, we must ask for consultation to our supervisors or professors to find out what citation style is required by our specific course. Table 2.3 shows some examples of citation styles.
Table 2.3 Samples of Citation Styles and Academic Disciplines
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Academic Discipline
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Citation Style
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Science, education, & psychology
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APA (American Psychological Association)
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Humanities
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MLA (Modern Language Association)
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Business, history, & fine arts
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Chicago/Turabian Style
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To get us more familiar with some general citation styles, please refer to the following examples:
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Material Types
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In-text Citation
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References
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An article in a printed journal
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Parenthetical format: Professionalism and nature differ greatly as criteria within the realm of productivity, where undivided attention and professional time offer more flexibility rather than natural resources in terms of division and redistribution
(Weinstein, 2009).
Narrative format:
Weinstein (2009) states that professionalism and nature differ greatly as criteria within the realm of productivity, where undivided attention and professional time offer more flexibility rather than natural resources in terms of division and redistribution.
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Weinstein, J. (2009). The market in Plato’s Republic. Classical Philology, 104(4), 439-458.
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An article in an electronic journal
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Parenthetical citation:
One study found that ethnicities of protagonists in children's fiction correlated with differences in types of emotions displayed by those characters (Grady et al., 2019).
Narrative citation:
Instead, Grady et al. (2019) suggest that "when children are read storybooks that represent characters from ethnic or racial groups other than their own, [they] may receive a wider array of emotion learning opportunities than when they are read storybooks with characters that represent only their own race or ethnicity" (p. 215).
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Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
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Books
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(Sapolsky, 2017)
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Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.
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Chapter in Edited Book
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(McCormack et al., 2013)
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McCormack, B., McCance, T., & Maben, J. (2013). Outcome evaluation in the development of person-centred practice. In B. McCormack, K. Manley, & A. Titchen (Eds.), Practice development in nursing and healthcare (pp. 190-211). John Wiley & Sons.
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Website
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(Streefkerk, 2023)
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Streefkerk, R. (2023, May 31). Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/primary-and-secondary-sources/
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To see more examples on how to write in-text citations and references using APA referencing style, we can access https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/. The website provides us with a collection of examples from various material types.
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Material Types
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In-text Citation
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A Works Cited Page
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An article in a printed journal
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(Doggart 71-80)
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Doggart, Julia. "Minding the Gap: Realizing Our Ideal Community Writing Assistance Program." The Community Literacy Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 2007, pp. 71-80.
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An article in an electronic journal
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(Sherrard-Johnson 833-869)
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Sherrard-Johnson, Cherene. "'A Plea for Color': Nella Larsen's Iconography of the Mulatta." American Literature, vol. 76, no. 4, 2004, pp. 833-869, doi:10.1215/00029831-76-4-833.
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Books
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(Card)
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Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. Oxford UP, 2005.
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Ebook
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(Gaither)
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Gaither, Milton. Homeschool: An American History. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. SpringerLink, doi-org.pitt.idm.oclc.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95056-0.
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Website
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(Del Castillo)
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Del Castillo, Inigo. "How Not to Kill Your Houseplants, According to Botanists." Apartment Therapy, 29 Jan. 2020, www.apartmenttherapy.com/houseplant-tips-botanists-36710191.
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More complete examples can be found at https://style.mla.org/works-cited/citations-by-format/
For Chicago/Turabian citation, there are two sub-citation styles which are the notes and bibliography and the author-date style. These two essentially are essentially synonymous.
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Notes & Bibliography Style which includes footnotes and endnotes.
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Material Types
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Bibliography
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Journal article
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Notes:
1. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
Shortened notes:
2. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.
Bibliography:
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
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Books
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Notes:
1. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.
Shortened notes:
2. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37.
Bibliography:
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.
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Website
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Notes:
1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
Shortened notes:
4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”
5. “Yale Facts.”
Bibliography:
Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
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The Author-date Style
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Material types
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In-text citation
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Reference
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Journal article
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(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)
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Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
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An article in a printed journal
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(Weinstein 2009, 440)
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Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104:439–58.
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Books
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(Kitamura 2017, 25)
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Kitamura, Katie. 2017. A Separation. New York: Riverhead Books.
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Website
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(Columbia University n.d.)
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Columbia University. n.d. “History.” Accessed May 15, 2017. http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.
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